The most important principle to follow in root carving is to make use of the natural root. This principle usually goes like this: “three-tenths (of the work) is done by man, seven-tenths is determined by nature,” attaching great importance to making use of the traits of the natural root, such as the fibers, holes, knurs, veins, color and luster. With a motif in mind, the creator should employ different carving techniques on roots of different shapes; the ultimate purpose is to integrate the unique beauty of the natural root with the cunning beauty attained by carving. Since root carving is largely done by making use of the natural beauty, the opus is of an integrated style.
The second principle is highlighting the composition. There are quite many modes of composition in root carving, and the one most common is the “triangle setup”, which is usually employed in sculpture. Other geometrical shapes, such as circles, ellipses and lozenges, are also used to further composition.
Next comes the principle of expressing the mentality and sentiment of the creator. Root carving derives from real life, and it surpasses and regresses to it. However, it is by no means a replication of real life; rather, the creator reveals his inner feelings by making use of the characteristics of the natural root.
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Finally comes the principle of seeking singularity and pursuing beauty. No art form is detached from the material used, and root carving is no exception. Root artists have to refer to nature for materials and their pursuit of singularity and beauty lies in the process of selecting roots as well as in the conception process. They have to find out and collect roots of various odd shapes, which give them creative inspiration. Only after obtaining a uniquely shaped root can the artist apply his or her wisdom, imagination and originality to creative root carving.
Types
1. Applied root carving. Root carvings of this type have a practical utility as well as ornamental value. Some common examples include home accessories, such as chairs, stools, tea tables, sofas, screens, flower shelves, and some stationeries, including brush shelves, ink slabs, etc.
2. Ornamental root carving. This kind of carving is primarily for decoration purposes and accounts for a large proportion of root carvings. Based on their respective shapes, they can be further classified into many types, such as root carvings featuring characters, animals, flowers, etc.
3. Aesthetic root carving. This refers to root carvings that cannot be named easily; they are also called “nameless” root carvings.
(Source: chinaculture.org)



